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Infopath 2010 Cookbook 5 Read From Excel List

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Spreadsheet, part of Microsoft Role

Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Office Excel (2019–present).svg
Microsoft Excel.png

A simple line chart beingness created in Excel, running on Windows 10
Developer(due south) Microsoft
Initial release 1987; 35 years ago  (1987)
Stable release

2103 (16.0.13901.20400) / April thirteen, 2021; ten months ago  (2021-04-13) [i]

Operating system Microsoft Windows
Type Spreadsheet
License Trialware[2]
Website products.office.com/en-u.s./excel
Microsoft Excel for Mac
Excel for Mac screenshot.png

Excel for Mac (version 16.44), running on macOS Mojave 10.xiv.6
Developer(s) Microsoft
Initial release September 30, 1985; 36 years ago  (1985-09-thirty)
Stable release

16.56 (Build 21121100) / December 14, 2021; 2 months agone  (2021-12-14) [3]

Operating system macOS
Type Spreadsheet
License Proprietary commercial software
Website products.office.com/mac
Microsoft Excel for Android
Developer(s) Microsoft Corporation
Stable release

16.0.14729.20146 / Dec 22, 2021; 2 months agone  (2021-12-22) [4]

Operating arrangement Android Oreo and later
Type Spreadsheet
License Proprietary commercial software
Website products.office.com/en-the states/excel
Microsoft Excel for iOS
Developer(due south) Microsoft Corporation
Stable release

2.56 / December 12, 2021; two months ago  (2021-12-12) [v]

Operating system iOS 14 or later
IPadOS 14 or later on
Type Spreadsheet
License Proprietary commercial software
Website products.function.com/en-us/excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features adding or ciphering capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming linguistic communication called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Excel forms function of the Microsoft Role suite of software.

Features

Basic performance

Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,[6] using a grid of cells bundled in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a bombardment of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, and fiscal needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager).[7]> A PivotTable is a tool for information analysis. It does this by simplifying big information sets via PivotTable fields It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to utilize a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics,[8] [ix] and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It likewise has a diverseness of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hibernate the spreadsheet from the user, then the spreadsheet presents itself every bit a so-called application, or determination support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer,[10] or in general, equally a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.[11] [12] In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,[13] analyze the results, brand a Word report or PowerPoint slide show, and electronic mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. Excel was not designed to be used as a database.[ citation needed ]

Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.[14]

Functions

Excel 2016 has 484 functions.[15] Of these, 360 existed prior to Excel 2010. Microsoft classifies these functions in fourteen categories. Of the 484 current functions, 386 may be chosen from VBA as methods of the object "WorksheetFunction"[16] and 44 accept the same names as VBA functions.[17]

With the introduction of LAMBDA, Excel will become Turing complete.[18]

Macro programming

VBA programming

Apply of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft Excel. The named variables x & y are identified in the Proper name Managing director. The part sq is introduced using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel.

Subroutine in Excel calculates the foursquare of named column variable 10 read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the named cavalcade variable y.

The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code straight using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environs. The user can implement numerical methods equally well as automating tasks such equally formatting or data system in VBA[19] and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported dorsum to the spreadsheet.

VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, every bit the developers did non believe that a timely release would permit porting the VBA engine natively to Mac Bone X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011,[20] although the build lacks support for ActiveX objects, impacting some high level developer tools.[21]

A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.[22] The Macro Recorder records deportment of the user and generates VBA lawmaking in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also exist linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The deportment in the macro tin exist executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can as well be edited in the VBE. Certain features such equally loop functions and screen prompt by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot exist recorded merely must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users tin employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.

Macro Recorded code may not be compatible with Excel versions. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 cannot exist used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may non be backward compatible.

VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model,[23] a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these deportment and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, merely are more flexible and efficient.

History

From its offset version Excel supported end-user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user-divers functions (extension of Excel's born function library). In early versions of Excel, these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special-purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0.[24] Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA past default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an pick. After version five.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their apply.[25]

Charts

Graph made using Microsoft Excel

Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. Information technology also supports Pivot Charts that let for a chart to be linked directly to a Pivot tabular array. This allows the nautical chart to exist refreshed with the Pivot Tabular array. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet or added as a separate object.

These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells changes. For example, suppose that the important blueprint requirements are displayed visually; so, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the all-time design.

Add-ins

Additional features are available using add-ins. Several are provided with Excel, including:

  • Analysis ToolPak: Provides data analysis tools for statistical and engineering analysis (includes analysis of variance and regression analysis)
  • Analysis ToolPak VBA: VBA functions for Analysis ToolPak
  • Euro Currency Tools: Conversion and formatting for euro currency
  • Solver Add-In: Tools for optimization and equation solving

Excel for the web

Excel for the web is a complimentary lightweight version of Microsoft Excel available equally part of Function on the spider web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint.

Excel for the web tin display well-nigh of the features available in the desktop versions of Excel, although information technology may not be able to insert or edit them. Certain data connections are non accessible on Excel for the spider web, including with charts that may employ these external connections. Excel for the web also cannot display legacy features, such as Excel four.0 macros or Excel 5.0 dialog sheets. There are also small-scale differences between how some of the Excel functions work.[26]

Data storage and communication

Number of rows and columns

Versions of Excel upwards to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (214 = 16384 ) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (216 = 65536 ) rows and 256 columns (ii8 as label 'Iv'). Version 12.0 onwards, including the current Version xvi.x, can handle over 1M (ii20 = i048 576 ) rows, and 16384 (214, labeled as column 'XFD') columns.[27]

File formats

Excel Spreadsheet
Filename extension

.xls, (.xlsx, .xlsm, .xlsb - Excel 2007)
Internet media type

awarding/vnd.ms-excel
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) com.microsoft.excel.xls
Developed by Microsoft
Blazon of format Spreadsheet

Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) equally its primary format.[28] Excel 2007 uses Office Open up XML as its master file format, an XML-based format that followed later on a previous XML-based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), start introduced in Excel 2002.[29]

Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In improver, about versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007.[30] The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs.

Binary

OpenOffice.org has created documentation of the Excel format. Two epochs of the format be: the 97-2003 OLE format, and the older stream format.[31] Microsoft has fabricated the Excel binary format specification available to freely download.[32]

XML Spreadsheet

The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002[29] is a simple, XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is .xml, the program besides correctly handles XML files with .xls extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g. MySQL Query Browser) to offering "export to Excel" capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened past Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or Book1.xls: 

                        <?xml version="ane.0"?>            <Workbook            xmlns=            "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:function:spreadsheet"            xmlns:o=            "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"            xmlns:ten=            "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:function:excel"            xmlns:ss=            "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:function:spreadsheet"            xmlns:html=            "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"            >            <Worksheet            ss:Name=            "Sheet1"            >            <Table            ss:ExpandedColumnCount=            "2"            ss:ExpandedRowCount=            "two"            ten:FullColumns=            "1"            10:FullRows=            "i"            >            <Row>            <Prison cell><Data            ss:Type=            "String"            >Name</Data></Prison cell>            <Cell><Data            ss:Type=            "Cord"            >Example</Data></Prison cell>            </Row>            <Row>            <Jail cell><Data            ss:Type=            "Cord"            >Value</Information></Cell>            <Cell><Data            ss:Type=            "Number"            >123</Data></Jail cell>            </Row>            </Tabular array>            </Worksheet>            </Workbook>

Electric current file extensions

Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Role 2007 suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Role Open XML (OOXML) specification.

Excel 2007 formats
Format Extension Clarification
Excel Workbook .xlsx The default Excel 2007 and later workbook format. In reality, a Zip compressed archive with a directory construction of XML text documents. Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary .xls format, although it does not back up Excel macros for security reasons. Saving as .xlsx offers file size reduction over .xls[33]
Excel Macro-enabled Workbook .xlsm As Excel Workbook, but with macro support.
Excel Binary Workbook .xlsb Equally Excel Macro-enabled Workbook, but storing data in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more than apace and efficiently. Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows, and/or several hundreds of columns. This format is very useful for shrinking large Excel files equally is oftentimes the case when doing data assay.
Excel Macro-enabled Template .xltm A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks, with macro support. The replacement for the old .xlt format.
Excel Add together-in .xlam Excel add-in to add actress functionality and tools. Inherent macro support considering of the file purpose.

Erstwhile file extensions

Format Extension Description
Spreadsheet .xls Main spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets, charts, and macros
Add-in (VBA) .xla Adds custom functionality; written in VBA
Toolbar .xlb The file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are stored.
Chart .xlc A chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that only saves the chart. To save the chart and spreadsheet save as .XLS. XLC is non supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel.
Dialog .xld Used in older versions of Excel.
Annal .xlk A backup of an Excel Spreadsheet
Add-in (DLL) .xll Adds custom functionality; written in C++/C, Visual Basic, Fortran, etc. and compiled in to a special dynamic-link library
Macro .xlm A macro is created by the user or pre-installed with Excel.
Template .xlt A pre-formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft Excel.
Module .xlv A module is written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) for Microsoft Excel
Library .DLL Lawmaking written in VBA may access functions in a DLL, typically this is used to admission the Windows API
Workspace .xlw Arrangement of the windows of multiple Workbooks

Using other Windows applications

Windows applications such as Microsoft Admission and Microsoft Word, besides as Excel tin can communicate with each other and apply each other'southward capabilities. The almost common are Dynamic Information Exchange: although strongly deprecated past Microsoft, this is a common method to send information betwixt applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to information technology equally "the protocol from hell".[34] As the proper name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. Information technology is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to of import fiscal data services such every bit Bloomberg and Reuters.

OLE Object Linking and Embedding allows a Windows awarding to control some other to enable it to format or summate data. This may have on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle a job that information technology is more suited to, for case a PowerPoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.[35] [36] [37] [38]

Using external data

Excel users can admission external data sources via Microsoft Part features such equally (for example) .odc connections built with the Office Information Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver.

Excel tin can take data in existent-time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as Power Plus Pro).

  • DDE: "Dynamic Data Substitution" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to permit data to menstruum between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it equally "the protocol from hell".[34] In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most mutual way for data to reach traders in financial markets.
  • Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.[39]
  • Real Time Data: RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been irksome to proceeds acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when kickoff released was neither fairly documented nor supported by the major information vendors.[xl] [41]

Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.[42] [43] [44]

Consign and migration of spreadsheets

Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files. ExcelPackage is another open-source projection that provides server-side generation of Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets. PHPExcel is a PHP library that converts Excel5, Excel 2003, and Excel 2007 formats into objects for reading and writing within a web application. Excel Services is a current .NET developer tool that tin can heighten Excel'due south capabilities. Excel spreadsheets tin can exist accessed from Python with xlrd and openpyxl. js-xlsx and js-xls can open Excel spreadsheets from JavaScript.

Countersign protection

Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords:

  • Password to open up a document[45]
  • Password to modify a certificate[46]
  • Password to unprotect the worksheet
  • Password to protect workbook
  • Password to protect the sharing workbook[47]

All passwords except password to open up a document can be removed instantly regardless of the Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document. Such countersign-protected documents are not encrypted, and a data sources from a ready password is saved in a document's header. Password to protect workbook is an exception – when it is fix, a certificate is encrypted with the standard password "VelvetSweatshop", but since it is known to the public, it really does not add any extra protection to the document. The but blazon of countersign that can foreclose a trespasser from gaining access to a certificate is countersign to open a document. The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document.

In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions, the password to open up is converted to a xvi-flake key that can be instantly croaky. In Excel 97/2000 the password is converted to a 40-bit central, which can also be cracked very quickly using modernistic equipment. As regards services that apply rainbow tables (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs tin brute-force assault passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document just also observe the original password.

In Excel 2003/XP the encryption is slightly better – a user tin choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the arrangement (see Cryptographic Service Provider). Due to the CSP, an Excel file can't be decrypted, and thus the password to open tin can't exist removed, though the beast-forcefulness attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older Excel 97/2000 algorithm is set by the default. Therefore, users who do not alter the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents.

The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007, where the modern AES algorithm with a key of 128 bits started existence used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function SHA1 reduced the speed of fauna-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per 2d. In Excel 2010, the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key.

Microsoft Excel Viewer

Microsoft Excel Viewer was a freeware program for Microsoft Windows for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel.[48] Microsoft retired the viewer in Apr 2018 with the last security update released in February 2019 for Excel Viewer 2007 (SP3).[49] [l]

The start version released past Microsoft was Excel 97 Viewer.[51] [52] Excel 97 Viewer was supported in Windows CE for Handheld PCs.[53] In October 2004, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003.[54] In September 2007, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003 Service Pack iii (SP3).[55] In Jan 2008, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 (featuring a non-collapsible Ribbon interface).[56] In April 2009, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack two (SP2).[57] In October 2011, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 3 (SP3).[58]

Microsoft advises to view and impress Excel files for complimentary to use the Excel Mobile application for Windows 10 and for Windows 7 and Windows 8 to upload the file to OneDrive and utilise Excel for the web with a Microsoft business relationship to open up them in a browser.[49] [59]

Quirks

In improver to issues with spreadsheets in general, other bug specific to Excel include numeric precision, misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and more than.

Numeric precision

Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, only they are non always accurate: the bottom line should be the same as the top line.

Despite the utilize of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more than figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are non those actually used in its computations, then, for example, the departure of 2 numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are commonly across the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, particularly for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors tin occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), every bit equality of two numbers tin be unpredictable.[ commendation needed ]

In the figure, the fraction one/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number ane is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays simply xv figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the 2d line has only eleven 1'south afterwards the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0'due south followed past a string of xi 1's. All the same, the departure reported by Excel in the third line is iii 0's followed by a string of 13 ane's and two actress erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about one-half a digit more than information technology displays.

Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification.[60] Excel's implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on boilerplate better than i would wait from simple fifteen digit precision, just that can be worse. See the main article for details.

Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accurateness in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Specially in the loonshit of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.[61] [62]

As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional consequence is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.[63]

Statistical functions

The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized,[64] [65] [66] [67] [68] every bit mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept treatment of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some prison cell values are inverse, and as having a express set up of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.[69]

Excel MOD function mistake

Excel has problems with modulo operations. In the instance of excessively big results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.[seventy]

Fictional leap twenty-four hour period in the year 1900

Excel includes Feb 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 equally a leap twelvemonth, even though e.g. 2100 is correctly treated as a not-leap year.[71] [72] The problems originated from Lotus 1-two-3 (deliberately implemented to save computer memory), and was as well purposely implemented in Excel, for the purpose of bug compatibility.[73] This legacy has later been carried over into Role Open XML file format.[74]

Thus a (not necessarily whole) number greater than or equal to 61 interpreted as a appointment and time are the (real) number of days afterwards Dec 30, 1899, 0:00, a non-negative number less than sixty is the number of days after December 31, 1899, 0:00, and numbers with whole office lx stand for the fictional day.

Date range

Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900–9999, except that Dec 31, 1899, can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0-jan-1900.

Converting a fraction of a day into hours, minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the day January one, 1900, does not work for a negative fraction.[75]

Conversion issues

Entering text that happens to be in a form that is interpreted equally a date, the text can be unintentionally changed to a standard appointment format. A similar trouble occurs when a text happens to be in the form of a floating-indicate notation of a number. In these cases the original exact text cannot exist recovered from the consequence. Formatting the cell equally TEXT before entering ambiguous text prevents Excel from converting to a date.

This issue has caused a well known problem in the analysis of Deoxyribonucleic acid, for example in bioinformatics. As outset reported in 2004,[76] genetic scientists found that Excel automatically and incorrectly converts certain gene names into dates. A follow-up study in 2016 found many peer reviewed scientific journal papers had been afflicted and that "Of the selected journals, the proportion of published articles with Excel files containing gene lists that are affected by gene name errors is 19.half dozen %."[77] Excel parses the copied and pasted information and sometimes changes them depending on what it thinks they are. For example, MARCH1 (Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1) gets converted to the appointment March 1 (1-Mar) and SEPT2 (Septin ii) is converted into September 2 (2-Sep) etc.[78] While some secondary news sources[79] reported this equally a mistake with Excel, the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the researchers misusing Excel.[77] [80]

In August 2020 the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) published new guidelines in the journal Nature regarding gene naming in order to avoid issues with "symbols that affect information handling and retrieval." And then far 27 genes have been renamed, including changing MARCH1 to MARCHF1 and SEPT1 to SEPTIN1 in social club to avert accidental conversion of the factor names into dates.[81]

Errors with large strings

The following functions return incorrect results when passed a string longer than 255 characters:[82]

  • type() incorrectly returns 16, meaning "Error value"
  • IsText(), when called as a method of the VBA object WorksheetFunction (i.e., WorksheetFunction.IsText() in VBA), incorrectly returns "imitation".

Filenames

Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead volition display the following error:

A document with the proper noun '%s' is already open. Y'all cannot open ii documents with the same proper noun, even if the documents are in unlike folders. To open up the 2d certificate, either close the document that is currently open up, or rename one of the documents.[83]

The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a prison cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$M$33, and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no manner to tell which 1 the user means.[84]

Versions

Early history

Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program chosen Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became very pop on CP/Thou systems, only on MS-DOS systems information technology lost popularity to Lotus 1-two-three. Microsoft released the outset version of Excel for the Macintosh on September xxx, 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.two) in Nov 1987.[85] Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-three to Windows and by the early on 1990s, Excel had started to outsell i-ii-3 and helped Microsoft achieve its position every bit a leading PC software developer. This achievement solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its time to come of developing GUI software. Microsoft maintained its reward with regular new releases, every two years or and so.

Microsoft Windows

Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for the Intel platform. Versions prior to two.0 were only bachelor on the Apple Macintosh.

Excel 2.0 (1987)

The kickoff Windows version was labeled "2" to correspond to the Mac version. This included a run-time version of Windows.[86]

BYTE in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the "Stardom" winners of the BYTE Awards. The magazine stated that the port of the "extraordinary" Macintosh version "shines", with a user interface as good as or better than the original.

Excel 3.0 (1990)

Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new features.[86]

Excel 4.0 (1992)

Introduced auto-fill.[87]

Also, an easter egg in Excel four.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers one through iii, representing Lotus ane-ii-three, which is then crushed past an Excel logo.[88]

Excel five.0 (1993)

With version 5.0, Excel has included Visual Bones for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions (UDF) for utilize in worksheets. VBA includes a fully featured integrated development surround (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user deportment, thus assuasive unproblematic automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in‑worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports utilise (but non creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL's; afterwards versions add back up for class modules allowing the employ of basic object-oriented programming techniques.

The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted document.

Versions five.0 to 9.0 of Excel comprise various Easter eggs, including a "Hall of Tortured Souls", a Doom-like minigame, although since version ten Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.[89]

5.0 was released in a 16-bit x86 version for Windows 3.1 and later in a 32-bit version for NT iii.51 (x86/Alpha/PowerPC)

Excel 95 (v7.0)

Released in 1995 with Microsoft Office for Windows 95, this is the starting time major version afterward Excel five.0, equally at that place is no Excel half dozen.0 with all of the Role applications standardizing on the aforementioned major version number.

Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more than stable.

Excel 97 (v8.0)

Included in Function 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the now-removed Natural language labels.

This version of Excel includes a flight simulator equally an Easter Egg.

Excel 2000 (v9.0)

Included in Office 2000. This was a minor upgrade but introduced an upgrade to the clipboard where it can hold multiple objects at in one case. The Role Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had bellyaching many users, became less intrusive.

Excel 2002 (v10.0)

Included in Office XP. Very minor enhancements.

Excel 2003 (v11.0)

Included in Office 2003. Pocket-size enhancements, the well-nigh significant being the new Tables.

Excel 2007 (v12.0)

Included in Office 2007. This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Like to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu arrangement. This was different from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions. Ane study reported adequately skillful acceptance past users except highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical WIMP interface, simply was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organisation.[90] However, an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative stance of the change, with advanced users being "somewhat more than negative" than intermediate users, and users reporting a self-estimated reduction in productivity.

Added functionality included the SmartArt ready of editable business diagrams. Besides added was an improved management of named variables through the Name Director, and much-improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced.

As well like other function products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.[91]

Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was at present 1,048,576 (iixx) and columns was 16,384 (214; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. This version fabricated more extensive employ of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are non handled in parallel and XLL add‑ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread-rubber and this was indicated at registration.

Excel 2010 (v14.0)

Microsoft Excel 2010 running on Windows 7

Included in Function 2010, this is the next major version later v12.0, every bit version number thirteen was skipped.

Minor enhancements and 64-bit support,[92] including the post-obit:

  • Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for commonly used functions
  • Improved pivot tables
  • More conditional formatting options
  • Additional image editing capabilities
  • In-cell charts called sparklines
  • Ability to preview earlier pasting
  • Office 2010 backstage feature for document-related tasks
  • Ability to customize the Ribbon
  • Many new formulas, about highly specialized to improve accuracy[93]

Excel 2013 (v15.0)

Included in Office 2013, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

  • Improved Multi-threading and Memory Contention
  • FlashFill[94]
  • Power View[95]
  • Power Pivot[96]
  • Timeline Slicer
  • Windows App
  • Inquire[97]
  • 50 new functions[98]

Excel 2016 (v16.0)

Included in Office 2016, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

  • Ability Query integration
  • Read-only mode for Excel
  • Keyboard access for Pivot Tables and Slicers in Excel
  • New Chart Types
  • Quick data linking in Visio
  • Excel forecasting functions
  • Support for multi-selection of Slicer items using touch
  • Time grouping and Pin Chart Drill Down
  • Excel data cards[99]

Excel 2019, Office 365 and subsequent (v16.0)

Microsoft no longer releases Office or Excel in discrete versions. Instead, features are introduced automatically over time using Windows Update. The version number remains xvi.0. Thereafter only the gauge dates when features announced tin at present be given.

  • Dynamic Arrays. These are substantially Array Formulas just they "Spill" automatically into neighboring cells and does not demand the ctrl-shift-enter to create them. Further, dynamic arrays are the default format, with new "@" and "#" operators to provide compatibility with previous versions. This is perhaps the biggest structural change since 2007, and is in response to a like feature in Google Sheets. Dynamic arrays started appearing in pre-releases near 2018, and as of March 2020 are available in published versions of Role 365 provided a user selected "Office Insiders".

Apple Macintosh

Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011

  • 1985 Excel i.0
  • 1988 Excel 1.five
  • 1989 Excel 2.two
  • 1990 Excel 3.0
  • 1992 Excel 4.0
  • 1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Role 4.10—Terminal Motorola 680x0 version[100] and first PowerPC version)
  • 1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98)
  • 2000 Excel 9.0 (function of Function 2001)
  • 2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office 5. X)
  • 2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004)
  • 2008 Excel 12.0 (role of Role 2008)
  • 2010 Excel xiv.0 (part of Function 2011)
  • 2015 Excel xv.0 (function of Office 2016—Office 2016 for Mac brings the Mac version much closer to parity with its Windows cousin, harmonizing many of the reporting and high-level developer functions, while bringing the ribbon and styling into line with its PC analogue.)[101]

OS/2

  • 1989 Excel ii.ii
  • 1990 Excel two.3
  • 1991 Excel iii.0

Mobile

Excel Mobile is a spreadsheet programme that can edit XLSX files. It tin edit and format text in cells, summate formulas, search within the spreadsheet, sort rows and columns, freeze panes, filter the columns, add comments, and create charts. It can't add columns or rows except at the edge of the document, rearrange columns or rows, delete rows or columns, or add together spreadsheet tabs.[102] [103] [104] [105] [106] [107] The 2007 version has the ability to utilise a full-screen mode to deal with limited screen resolution, too as split panes to view different parts of a worksheet at once.[105] Protection settings, zoom settings, autofilter settings, sure nautical chart formatting, subconscious sheets, and other features are not supported on Excel Mobile, and volition be modified upon opening and saving a workbook.[106] In 2015, Excel Mobile became bachelor for Windows ten and Windows 10 Mobile on Windows Shop.[108] [109]

Summary

Fable: Old version, not maintained Older version, notwithstanding maintained Current stable version Latest preview version Future release
Microsoft Excel for Windows release history
Year Name Version Comments
1987 Excel 2 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 Renumbered to 2 to correspond with contemporary Macintosh version. Supported macros (afterwards known as Excel iv macros).
1990 Excel 3 Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0 Added 3D graphing capabilities
1992 Excel 4 Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0 Introduced auto-fill characteristic
1993 Excel 5 Sometime version, no longer maintained: 5.0 Included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and various object-oriented options
1995 Excel 95 Onetime version, no longer maintained: 7.0 Renumbered for contemporary Give-and-take version. Both programs were packaged in Microsoft Office by this time.
1997 Excel 97 Onetime version, no longer maintained: 8.0
2000 Excel 2000 Old version, no longer maintained: nine.0 Function of Microsoft Office 2000, which was itself part of Windows Millennium (also known as "Windows ME").
2002 Excel 2002 Old version, no longer maintained: 10.0
2003 Excel 2003 Old version, no longer maintained: 11.0 Released only 1 year later to represent better with the rest of Microsoft Office (Give-and-take, PowerPoint, etc.).
2007 Excel 2007 Erstwhile version, no longer maintained: 12.0
2010 Excel 2010 Old version, no longer maintained: xiv.0 Due to superstitions surrounding the number thirteen, Excel thirteen was skipped in version counting.
2013 Excel 2013 Older version, all the same nevertheless maintained: 15.0 Introduced 50 more mathematical functions (available as pre-packaged commands, rather than typing the formula manually).
2016 Excel 2016 Current stable version: xvi.0 Function of Microsoft Office 2016
Microsoft Excel for Macintosh release history
Year Name Version Comments
1985 Excel one Old version, no longer maintained: i.0 Initial version of Excel. Supported macros (later known as Excel 4 macros).
1988 Excel 1.5 Sometime version, no longer maintained: 1.5
1989 Excel 2 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.two
1990 Excel 3 Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0
1992 Excel 4 Erstwhile version, no longer maintained: 4.0
1993 Excel 5 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0 Only bachelor on PowerPC-based Macs. First PowerPC version.
1998 Excel 98 Onetime version, no longer maintained: 8.0 Excel 6 and Excel 7 were skipped to correspond with the remainder of Microsoft Office at the time.
2000 Excel 2000 Old version, no longer maintained: nine.0
2001 Excel 2001 Quondam version, no longer maintained: 10.0
2004 Excel 2004 Old version, no longer maintained: 11.0
2008 Excel 2008 Old version, no longer maintained: 12.0
2011 Excel 2011 Erstwhile version, no longer maintained: xiv.0 As with the Windows version, version 13 was skipped for superstitious reasons.
2016 Excel 2016 Current stable version: 16.0 As with the residue of Microsoft Office, so information technology is for Excel: Future release dates for the Macintosh version are intended to correspond better to those for the Windows version, from 2016 onward.
Microsoft Excel for Bone/2 release history
Year Name Version Comments
1989 Excel 2.2 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2 Numbered in betwixt Windows versions at the time
1990 Excel 2.3 Quondam version, no longer maintained: 2.3
1991 Excel 3 Old version, no longer maintained: iii.0 Terminal Os/two version. Discontinued subseries of Microsoft Excel, which is otherwise still an actively developed plan.

Impact

Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; yet, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may comprise data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells.

Excel ii.0 for Windows, which was modeled afterward its Mac GUI-based analogue, indirectly expanded the installed base of the and so-nascent Windows environment. Excel 2.0 was released a calendar month before Windows 2.0, and the installed base of Windows was then depression at that signal in 1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a runtime version of Windows 1.0 with Excel 2.0.[110] Dissimilar Microsoft Discussion, in that location never was a DOS version of Excel.

Excel became the first spreadsheet to permit the user to define the advent of spreadsheets (fonts, grapheme attributes, and jail cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell re-ciphering, where merely cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the fourth dimension or waited for a specific user command). Excel introduced auto-fill up, the ability to elevate and aggrandize the selection box to automatically copy a cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows, adjusting the copies intelligently by automatically incrementing jail cell references or contents. Excel likewise introduced extensive graphing capabilities.

Security

Because Excel is widely used, it has been attacked by hackers. While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet, if an attacker can become a victim to open up a file in Excel, and there is an appropriate security bug in Excel, then the attacker tin can gain control of the victim'due south computer.[111] UK's GCHQ has a tool named TORNADO ALLEY with this purpose.[112] [113]

See also

  • Comparison of spreadsheet software
  • Comparison of run a risk analysis Microsoft Excel add-ins
  • Numbers (spreadsheet)—the iWork equivalent
  • Spreadmart

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General sources

  • Bullen, Stephen; Bovey, Rob; Green, John (2009). Professional Excel Development: The Definitive Guide to Developing Applications Using Microsoft Excel and VBA (2nd ed.). Boston: Addison Wesley. ISBN978-0-321-50879-ix.
  • Dodge, Mark; Stinson, Craig (2007). Microsoft Function Excel 2007 Inside Out. Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Printing. ISBN978-0-7356-2321-7.
  • Billo, Eastward. Joseph (2011). Excel for Chemists: A Comprehensive Guide (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0-470-38123-6.

External links

  • Microsoft Excel – official site

pottsgoilk1981.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel

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